Cara mendapat uang gratishanya dengan melakukan surfing di internet.Mengapa mereka bisa membayar Anda ?SlashMySearch menghasilkan uang dari berbagai bentuk periklanan, distribusi produk dan layanan. Para Sponsor atau advertiser mebayar biaya periklanan dengan cara Pay Per Click dan atau Pay Per Impression.Sebagai contoh, kalo Anda meng-klik iklan-iklan sponsor yang ditampilkan di page result, SlashMySearch akan menerima pembayaran untuk setiap kliknya. Sedangkan untuk Pay Per Impression, Sponsor membayar beberapa Dollar untuk beberapa kali iklan mereka ditampilkan. Misal, Sponsor membayar $500 untuk setiap 10,000 kali tampilan.Pay Per Click Advertising juga ada di Google. Kalo di Google, program ini dinamakan Google Adwords. Ambil contoh, coba Anda ketikan kata kunci tertentu di search engine Google seperti misalnya "free software", "free hosting", "income opportunity" dan sebagainya. Perhatikan, di sebelah kanan halaman Pageresult akan ditampilkan iklan-iklan sponsor. Nah, itulah yang dinamakan dengan Pay Per Click Ads ( PPC ). Kalo Anda meng-klik iklan-iklan itu, Google menerima pembayaran per click dari para pemilik iklan tersebut.Tarif per click bisa mulai dari $0,5 hingga $10 per click bahkan lebih tergantung dari "keyword bidding system". Semakin populer sebuah keyword, harga per click-nya akan semakin mahal.Silahkan baca di sumbernya : http://www.google.com/adwordsBisa dibayangkan, berapa juta orang menggunakan Google Search setiap hari, berapa kali search dan klik terjadi setiap jamnya, dan berapa juta dolar uang yang bisa dihasilkan Google ?Cuma sayangnya, Kita tidak dibayar untuk setia menggunakan search engine Google. Padahal, semakin banyak orang menggunakannya, semakin besar penghasilan Google.Dengan kata lain, kita turut mempertebal isi kantong Google.Mengapa SlashMySearch membayar Anda?Memasang iklan guna mendapatkan pengguna-pengguna baru sangat dibutuhkan biaya yang tinggi. Dari pada berspekulasi dengan beriklan, mereka memilih untuk memberi insentif kepada anggota-anggota agar menjadi pengguna setia. Plus, mereka ingin membuka peluang bagi Anda untuk memiliki penghasilan tambahan dari internet.Dengan memiliki penghasilan tambahan dari internet, Anda juga mungkin kelak akan membeli sesuatu lewat internet ( misal software ).Jaringan ini akan memberi manfaat dan keuntungan kepada para sponsor, provider dan Anda sebagai pengguna. Dengan menggunakan SlashMySearch, Anda akan mendapatkan rewards dari apa yang selama ini Anda lakukan di internet.Jadikan SlashMySearch -dengan fitur-fitur canggihnya- sebagai search engine favorite Anda kapanpun Anda ingin melakukan pencarian di internet.Just Search And Earn Money !!
18 August 2007
NETWORKING
Computer network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the scientific and engineering discipline studying computer networks, see Computer networking.
“Computer Networks” redirects here. For the book Computer Networks, see Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.WikiProject Computer networking or the Computer networking Portal may be able to help recruit one.If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.
This article or section may require restructuring to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.Please discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since April 2007.
A computer network is composed of multiple computers connected together using a telecommunication system for the purpose of sharing data, resources and communication. For instance, a home computer network may consist of two or more computers that share files and a printer using the network. The size and scalability of any computer network are determined by the hardware used as well as which protocols are being implemented.
Ethernet RJ-45 (8P8C) patch cord of the type commonly used to connect network devices.
Contents[hide]
1 Definition
2 Classification of computer networks
2.1 By network layer
2.2 By scale
2.3 By connection method
2.4 By functional relationship
2.5 By network topology
2.6 By protocol
3 Types of networks:
3.1 Personal Area Network (PAN)
3.2 Local Area Network (LAN)
3.3 Campus Area Network (CAN)
3.4 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3.5 Wide Area Network (WAN)
3.6 Internetwork
3.6.1 Internet, The
3.7 Extranet
4 Basic Hardware Components
4.1 Network Interface Cards
4.2 Bridges
4.3 Hubs
4.4 Routers
4.5 Switches
5 Building a simple computer network
6 See also
7 References
//
[edit] Definition
Experts in the field of networking debate whether two computers that are connected together using some form of communications medium constitute a network. Therefore, some works state that a network requires three connected computers. One such source, "Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms" states that a computer network is "A network of data processing nodes that are interconnected for the purpose of data communication". The term "network" being defined in the same document as "An interconnection of three or more communicating entities".[1] A computer connected to a non-computing device (e.g., networked to a printer via an Ethernet link) may also represent a computer network, although this article does not address this configuration.
This article uses the definition which requires two or more computers to be connected together to form a network. [2] The same basic functions are generally present in this case as with larger numbers of connected computers. In order for a network to function, it must meet three basic requirements, it must provide connections, communications and services. Connections refers to the hardware, communications is the way in which the devices talk to each other, and services are the things which are shared with the rest of the network.[3]
[edit] Classification of computer networks
[edit] By network layer
Computer networks may be classified according to the network layer at which they operate according to some basic reference models that are considered to be standards in the industry such as the seven layer OSI reference model and the four layer TCP/IP model..
[edit] By scale
Computer networks may be classified according to the scale or extent of reach of the network, for example as a Personal area network (PAN), Local area network (LAN), Campus area network (CAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), or Wide area network (WAN).
[edit] By connection method
Computer networks may be classified according to the hardware technology that is used to connect the individual devices in the network such as Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, or Power line communication.
[edit] By functional relationship
Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist between the elements of the network, for example Active Networking, Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures.
[edit] By network topology
Main article: Network Topology
Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc.
Topology can be arranged in a Geometric Arrangement
Network Topologies are logical layouts of the network. The term "logical" used here marks a great significant. That means network topologies depends not on the "physical" layout of the network. No matter that computer on a network are placed in a linear format, but if they connected via a hub they are forming a Star topology, not the Bus Topology. And here is the important factor where networks differ, visually and operationally.
[edit] By protocol
Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol that is being used on the network. See the articles on List of network protocol stacks and List of network protocols for more information.
[edit] Types of networks:
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.
[edit] Personal Area Network (PAN)
Main article: Personal area network
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink).
Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies such as IrDA and Bluetooth.
[edit] Local Area Network (LAN)
Main article: Local Area Network
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (wide area networks), include their much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.A LAN network can be defined by the manual IP Address or by the selection of Auto IP option.
[edit] Campus Area Network (CAN)
Main article: Campus Area Network
A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific (possibly private) geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military base. A CAN, may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is generally limited to an area that is smaller than a typical MAN.
[edit] Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Main article: Metropolitan Area Network
A network that connects two or more Local Area Networks or CANs together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN
[edit] Wide Area Network (WAN)
Main article: Wide Area Network
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area (i.e. one country to another and one continent to another continent) and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
[edit] Internetwork
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.
[edit] Internet, The
See Main article: Internet
A specific internetwork, consisting of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense – also home to the World Wide Web (WWW) and referred to as the 'Internet' with a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic internetworks.123
[edit] Extranet
A network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities (e.g., a company's customers may be provided access to some part of its intranet thusly creating an extranet while at the same time the customers may not be considered 'trusted' from a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although, by definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN, because an extranet must have at least one connection with an outside network.
Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet itself is not considered to be a part of the intranet or extranet, although the Internet may serve as a portal for access to portions of an extranet.
[edit] Basic Hardware Components
All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.11) or optical cable ("optical fiber").
Hardware requirements for network connectionsDepending on your configuration, you may need some or all of the following hardware:
Network adapter with a Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) driver for LAN connectivity One or more compatible modems and an available COM port A 28.8k or 56k modem or ISDN adapter (if you are using an ISDN line) DSL modem. If this is an external DSL modem it typically is connected to an Ethernet network adapter. Cable Modem. If this is an external cable modem it typically is connected to an Ethernet network adapter. X.25 card or PAD (if you are using X.25) Analog telephone line If your computer is set up for incoming connections, a multiport adapter may improve performance for multiple connections.
[edit] Network Interface Cards
Main article: Network card
A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
[edit] Bridges
Main article: Network bridge
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect network segments at the physical layer, however a bridge works by using bridging where traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network segments.
Bridges come in three basic types:
Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced by routers.
Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs
[edit] Hubs
Main article: Network hub
A hub is a piece of hardware which provides the connectivity of a segment of a network by directing traffic through the network.[4] Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. It does this in a rudimentary way, it simply copies the data to all of the Nodes connected to the hub. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
[edit] Routers
Main article: Router
Routers are the networking device that forwards data packets along networks by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. Routers work at the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. Routers also provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media.[3] This is accomplished by examining the Header of a data packet.[4] They use routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Some DSL and Cable Modems have been integrated with routers for home consumers.
[edit] Switches
Main article: Network switch
Switches are a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.
Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but multilayer switching is simply not a real-world design concept.
[edit] Building a simple computer network
A simple computer network may be constructed from two computers by adding a network adapter (Network Interface Controller (NIC)) to each computer and then connecting them together with a special cable called a crossover cable. This type of network is useful for transferring information between two computers that are not normally connected to each other by a permanent network connection or for basic home networking applications. Alternatively, a network between two computers can be established without dedicated extra hardware by using a standard connection such as the RS-232 serial port on both computers, connecting them to each other via a special crosslinked null modem cable.
Practical networks generally consist of more than two interconnected computers and generally require special devices in addition to the Network Interface Controller that each computer needs to be equipped with. Examples of some of these special devices are hubs, switches and routers.
[edit] See also
Computer networking
Computer networking device
Expander graph
History of the Internet
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
International Organization for Standardization
Internet
International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication Standards Sector
Network diagram
Network topology
Node (networking)
Protocols
Scale-free network
Wireless network
Bluetooth Networks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the scientific and engineering discipline studying computer networks, see Computer networking.
“Computer Networks” redirects here. For the book Computer Networks, see Andrew S. Tanenbaum.
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.WikiProject Computer networking or the Computer networking Portal may be able to help recruit one.If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.
This article or section may require restructuring to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.Please discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since April 2007.
A computer network is composed of multiple computers connected together using a telecommunication system for the purpose of sharing data, resources and communication. For instance, a home computer network may consist of two or more computers that share files and a printer using the network. The size and scalability of any computer network are determined by the hardware used as well as which protocols are being implemented.
Ethernet RJ-45 (8P8C) patch cord of the type commonly used to connect network devices.
Contents[hide]
1 Definition
2 Classification of computer networks
2.1 By network layer
2.2 By scale
2.3 By connection method
2.4 By functional relationship
2.5 By network topology
2.6 By protocol
3 Types of networks:
3.1 Personal Area Network (PAN)
3.2 Local Area Network (LAN)
3.3 Campus Area Network (CAN)
3.4 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3.5 Wide Area Network (WAN)
3.6 Internetwork
3.6.1 Internet, The
3.7 Extranet
4 Basic Hardware Components
4.1 Network Interface Cards
4.2 Bridges
4.3 Hubs
4.4 Routers
4.5 Switches
5 Building a simple computer network
6 See also
7 References
//
[edit] Definition
Experts in the field of networking debate whether two computers that are connected together using some form of communications medium constitute a network. Therefore, some works state that a network requires three connected computers. One such source, "Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms" states that a computer network is "A network of data processing nodes that are interconnected for the purpose of data communication". The term "network" being defined in the same document as "An interconnection of three or more communicating entities".[1] A computer connected to a non-computing device (e.g., networked to a printer via an Ethernet link) may also represent a computer network, although this article does not address this configuration.
This article uses the definition which requires two or more computers to be connected together to form a network. [2] The same basic functions are generally present in this case as with larger numbers of connected computers. In order for a network to function, it must meet three basic requirements, it must provide connections, communications and services. Connections refers to the hardware, communications is the way in which the devices talk to each other, and services are the things which are shared with the rest of the network.[3]
[edit] Classification of computer networks
[edit] By network layer
Computer networks may be classified according to the network layer at which they operate according to some basic reference models that are considered to be standards in the industry such as the seven layer OSI reference model and the four layer TCP/IP model..
[edit] By scale
Computer networks may be classified according to the scale or extent of reach of the network, for example as a Personal area network (PAN), Local area network (LAN), Campus area network (CAN), Metropolitan area network (MAN), or Wide area network (WAN).
[edit] By connection method
Computer networks may be classified according to the hardware technology that is used to connect the individual devices in the network such as Ethernet, Wireless LAN, HomePNA, or Power line communication.
[edit] By functional relationship
Computer networks may be classified according to the functional relationships which exist between the elements of the network, for example Active Networking, Client-server and Peer-to-peer (workgroup) architectures.
[edit] By network topology
Main article: Network Topology
Computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc.
Topology can be arranged in a Geometric Arrangement
Network Topologies are logical layouts of the network. The term "logical" used here marks a great significant. That means network topologies depends not on the "physical" layout of the network. No matter that computer on a network are placed in a linear format, but if they connected via a hub they are forming a Star topology, not the Bus Topology. And here is the important factor where networks differ, visually and operationally.
[edit] By protocol
Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol that is being used on the network. See the articles on List of network protocol stacks and List of network protocols for more information.
[edit] Types of networks:
Below is a list of the most common types of computer networks in order of scale.
[edit] Personal Area Network (PAN)
Main article: Personal area network
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink).
Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies such as IrDA and Bluetooth.
[edit] Local Area Network (LAN)
Main article: Local Area Network
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building. Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to WANs (wide area networks), include their much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.A LAN network can be defined by the manual IP Address or by the selection of Auto IP option.
[edit] Campus Area Network (CAN)
Main article: Campus Area Network
A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific (possibly private) geographical area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military base. A CAN, may be considered a type of MAN (metropolitan area network), but is generally limited to an area that is smaller than a typical MAN.
[edit] Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Main article: Metropolitan Area Network
A network that connects two or more Local Area Networks or CANs together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area. Multiple routers, switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN
[edit] Wide Area Network (WAN)
Main article: Wide Area Network
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area (i.e. one country to another and one continent to another continent) and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.
[edit] Internetwork
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork.
[edit] Internet, The
See Main article: Internet
A specific internetwork, consisting of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense – also home to the World Wide Web (WWW) and referred to as the 'Internet' with a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic internetworks.123
[edit] Extranet
A network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities (e.g., a company's customers may be provided access to some part of its intranet thusly creating an extranet while at the same time the customers may not be considered 'trusted' from a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although, by definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN, because an extranet must have at least one connection with an outside network.
Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet itself is not considered to be a part of the intranet or extranet, although the Internet may serve as a portal for access to portions of an extranet.
[edit] Basic Hardware Components
All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers. In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in the form of galvanic cable (most commonly Category 5 cable). Less common are microwave links (as in IEEE 802.11) or optical cable ("optical fiber").
Hardware requirements for network connectionsDepending on your configuration, you may need some or all of the following hardware:
Network adapter with a Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) driver for LAN connectivity One or more compatible modems and an available COM port A 28.8k or 56k modem or ISDN adapter (if you are using an ISDN line) DSL modem. If this is an external DSL modem it typically is connected to an Ethernet network adapter. Cable Modem. If this is an external cable modem it typically is connected to an Ethernet network adapter. X.25 card or PAD (if you are using X.25) Analog telephone line If your computer is set up for incoming connections, a multiport adapter may improve performance for multiple connections.
[edit] Network Interface Cards
Main article: Network card
A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
[edit] Bridges
Main article: Network bridge
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect network segments at the physical layer, however a bridge works by using bridging where traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network segments.
Bridges come in three basic types:
Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs)
Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced by routers.
Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs
[edit] Hubs
Main article: Network hub
A hub is a piece of hardware which provides the connectivity of a segment of a network by directing traffic through the network.[4] Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. It does this in a rudimentary way, it simply copies the data to all of the Nodes connected to the hub. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
[edit] Routers
Main article: Router
Routers are the networking device that forwards data packets along networks by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. Routers work at the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. Routers also provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media.[3] This is accomplished by examining the Header of a data packet.[4] They use routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Some DSL and Cable Modems have been integrated with routers for home consumers.
[edit] Switches
Main article: Network switch
Switches are a marketing term that encompasses routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL identifier). Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch.
Overemphasizing the ill-defined term "switch" often leads to confusion when first trying to understand networking. Many experienced network designers and operators recommend starting with the logic of devices dealing with only one protocol level, not all of which are covered by OSI. Multilayer device selection is an advanced topic that may lead to selecting particular implementations, but multilayer switching is simply not a real-world design concept.
[edit] Building a simple computer network
A simple computer network may be constructed from two computers by adding a network adapter (Network Interface Controller (NIC)) to each computer and then connecting them together with a special cable called a crossover cable. This type of network is useful for transferring information between two computers that are not normally connected to each other by a permanent network connection or for basic home networking applications. Alternatively, a network between two computers can be established without dedicated extra hardware by using a standard connection such as the RS-232 serial port on both computers, connecting them to each other via a special crosslinked null modem cable.
Practical networks generally consist of more than two interconnected computers and generally require special devices in addition to the Network Interface Controller that each computer needs to be equipped with. Examples of some of these special devices are hubs, switches and routers.
[edit] See also
Computer networking
Computer networking device
Expander graph
History of the Internet
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
International Organization for Standardization
Internet
International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunication Standards Sector
Network diagram
Network topology
Node (networking)
Protocols
Scale-free network
Wireless network
Bluetooth Networks
12 August 2007
Perangkat Lunak
Perangkat lunak atau piranti lunak adalah program komputer yang berfungsi sebagai sarana interaksi antara pengguna dan perangkat keras. Perangkat lunak dapat juga dikatakan sebagai 'penterjemah' perintah-perintah yang dijalankan pengguna komputer untuk diteruskan ke atau diproses oleh perangkat keras. Perangkat lunak ini dibagi menjadi 3 tingkatan: tingkatan program aplikasi (application program misalnya Microsoft Office), tingkatan sistem operasi (operating system misalnya Microsoft Windows), dan tingkatan bahasa pemrograman (yang dibagi lagi atas bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi seperti Pascal dan bahasa pemrograman tingkat rendah yaitu [[bahasa rakitan).
Perangkat lunak adalah program komputer yang isi instruksinya dapat diubah dengan mudah. Perangkat lunak umumnya digunakan untuk mengontrol perangkat keras, melakukan perhitungan (memproses), berinteraksi dengan perangkat lunak yang lebih mendasar lainnya (seperti sistem operasi, dan bahasa pemrograman), dan lain-lain.
Perangkat lunak adalah program komputer yang isi instruksinya dapat diubah dengan mudah. Perangkat lunak umumnya digunakan untuk mengontrol perangkat keras, melakukan perhitungan (memproses), berinteraksi dengan perangkat lunak yang lebih mendasar lainnya (seperti sistem operasi, dan bahasa pemrograman), dan lain-lain.
Sumber dari: Wikipedia Indonesia.
10 August 2007
Perangkat Keras
Bagian papan induk (motherboard) dari suatu perangkat keras komputer
Perangkat keras komputer (hardware) adalah semua bagian fisik komputer, dan dibedakan dengan data yang berada di dalamnya atau yang beroperasi di dalamnya, dan dibedakan dengan perangkat lunak (software) yang menyediakan instruksi untuk perangkat keras dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.
Batasan antara perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak akan sedikit buram kalau kita berbicara mengenai firmware, karena firmware ini adalah perangkat lunak yang "dibuat" ke dalam perangkat keras. Firmware ini merupakan wilayah dari bidang ilmu komputer dan teknik komputer, yang jarang dikenal oleh pengguna umum.
Komputer pada umumnya adalah komputer pribadi, (PC) dalam bentuk desktop atau menara kotak yang terdiri dari bagian berikut:
Papan sistem/papan induk yang merupakan tempat CPU, memori dan bagian lainnya, dan memiliki slot untuk kartu tambahan.
RAM - tempat penyimpanan data jangka pendek, sehingga komputer tidak perlu selalu mengakses hard disk untuk mencari data. Jumlah RAM yang lebih besar akan membantu kecepatan PC
Buses:
Bus PCI
Bus ISA
USB
AGP
ROM (Read Only Memory) di mana firmware diletakkan
CPU (Central Processing Unit) sebagai otak dan bagian utama komputer
Power supply - sebuah kotak yang merupakan tempat transformer, kontrol voltase dan kipas
Pengontrol penyimpanan, dari jenis IDE, SCSI atau lainnya, yang mengontrol hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM dan drive lainnya; kontroler ini terletak di papan induk (atas-papan) atau di kartu tambahan
Pengontrol penampilan video yang memproduksi output untuk komputer display
Pengontrol komputer bus (paralel, serial, USB, Firewire) untuk menyambung komputer dengan alat tambahan luar lainnya seperti printer atau scanner
Beberapa jenis penyimpanan komputer:
CD - tipe paling umum media yang dapat dilepas, murah tapi mudah rusak.
CD-ROM
CD-RW
CD-R
DVD
DVD-ROM
DVD-RW
DVD-R
Floppy disk
Penyimpanan dalam - menyimpan data dalam komputer untuk penggunaan jangka panjang.
Hard disk - untuk penyimpanan data jangka panjang
Disk array controller
Kartu suara - menerjemahkan signal dari papan sistem ke bahasa yang dapat dimengerti oleh speaker, dan memiliki terminal untuk mencolok kabel suara speaker.
Jaringan komputer - untuk menghubungkan komputer ke internet dan/atau komputer lainnya.
Modem - untuk koneksi tekan-tombol.
Kartu network - untuk internet DSL/kabel, dan/atau menghubungkan ke komputer lain.
Alat lainnya.
Sebagai tambahan, perangkat keras dapat memasukan komponen luar lainnya. Di bawah ini merupakan komponen standar atau yang umum digunakan.
Input
Keyboard
Alat penunjuk
Mouse
Trackball
Joystick
Gamepad
Scanner gambar
Webcam
Output
Printer
Speaker
Monitor
Jaringan/Networking
Modem
kartu network
Perangkat keras komputer (hardware) adalah semua bagian fisik komputer, dan dibedakan dengan data yang berada di dalamnya atau yang beroperasi di dalamnya, dan dibedakan dengan perangkat lunak (software) yang menyediakan instruksi untuk perangkat keras dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.
Batasan antara perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak akan sedikit buram kalau kita berbicara mengenai firmware, karena firmware ini adalah perangkat lunak yang "dibuat" ke dalam perangkat keras. Firmware ini merupakan wilayah dari bidang ilmu komputer dan teknik komputer, yang jarang dikenal oleh pengguna umum.
Komputer pada umumnya adalah komputer pribadi, (PC) dalam bentuk desktop atau menara kotak yang terdiri dari bagian berikut:
Papan sistem/papan induk yang merupakan tempat CPU, memori dan bagian lainnya, dan memiliki slot untuk kartu tambahan.
RAM - tempat penyimpanan data jangka pendek, sehingga komputer tidak perlu selalu mengakses hard disk untuk mencari data. Jumlah RAM yang lebih besar akan membantu kecepatan PC
Buses:
Bus PCI
Bus ISA
USB
AGP
ROM (Read Only Memory) di mana firmware diletakkan
CPU (Central Processing Unit) sebagai otak dan bagian utama komputer
Power supply - sebuah kotak yang merupakan tempat transformer, kontrol voltase dan kipas
Pengontrol penyimpanan, dari jenis IDE, SCSI atau lainnya, yang mengontrol hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM dan drive lainnya; kontroler ini terletak di papan induk (atas-papan) atau di kartu tambahan
Pengontrol penampilan video yang memproduksi output untuk komputer display
Pengontrol komputer bus (paralel, serial, USB, Firewire) untuk menyambung komputer dengan alat tambahan luar lainnya seperti printer atau scanner
Beberapa jenis penyimpanan komputer:
CD - tipe paling umum media yang dapat dilepas, murah tapi mudah rusak.
CD-ROM
CD-RW
CD-R
DVD
DVD-ROM
DVD-RW
DVD-R
Floppy disk
Penyimpanan dalam - menyimpan data dalam komputer untuk penggunaan jangka panjang.
Hard disk - untuk penyimpanan data jangka panjang
Disk array controller
Kartu suara - menerjemahkan signal dari papan sistem ke bahasa yang dapat dimengerti oleh speaker, dan memiliki terminal untuk mencolok kabel suara speaker.
Jaringan komputer - untuk menghubungkan komputer ke internet dan/atau komputer lainnya.
Modem - untuk koneksi tekan-tombol.
Kartu network - untuk internet DSL/kabel, dan/atau menghubungkan ke komputer lain.
Alat lainnya.
Sebagai tambahan, perangkat keras dapat memasukan komponen luar lainnya. Di bawah ini merupakan komponen standar atau yang umum digunakan.
Input
Keyboard
Alat penunjuk
Mouse
Trackball
Joystick
Gamepad
Scanner gambar
Webcam
Output
Printer
Speaker
Monitor
Jaringan/Networking
Modem
kartu network
Sumber:
Wikipedia Indonesia
Topologi Jaringan
Situs-situs dalam sistem terdistribusi dapat terhubung melalui berbagai macam cara yang ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria sebagai berikut:
Biaya instalasi. Biaya menghubungkan situs-situs dalam sistem.
Biaya komunikasi. Besar waktu dan uang untuk mengirimkan pesan dari satu situs ke situs lainnya.
Ketersediaan/availabilitas. Sampai sejauh mana data dapat diakses walaupun terdapat kegagalan pada beberapa link atau situs.
Macam-macam topologi jaringan antara lain:
Fully Connected Network
Tiap situs dalam Fully Connected Network terkoneksi secara langsung dengan situs lainnya. Link yang ada menjadi banyak dan menyebabkan biaya instalasi besar. Topologi jenis ini tidak praktis untuk diterapkan dalam sistem yang besar.
Partially Connected Network
Link yang ada hanya antara beberapa situs sehingga biaya instalasi menjadi lebih rendah. Namun, biaya komunikasi bisa menjadi lebih mahal. Misalkan, situs A ingin mengakses data di situs E, maka jalan yang ditempuh menuju situs E harus melalui situs B terlebih dahulu karena tidak ada link langsung dari situs A ke situs E. Semakin jauh jalan yang ditempuh, biaya komunikasi semakin mahal. Selain itu, availibilitas atau ketersediaan data kurang baik dibandingkan dengan Fully Connected Network.Misalkan, jika terjadi failure site atau kegagalan situs di C maka akses ke situs F menjadi tidak ada.
Partially Connected Network terdiri dari:
Tree-structured network. Biaya instalasi dan komunikasi pada topologi jenis ini biasanya rendah. Namun, jika terjadi failure link atau failure site maka pengaksesan data menjadi terhambat dan mengakibatkan availibilitas/ketersediaan menjadi rendah.
Star network. Biaya komunikasi rendah karena setiap situs paling banyak mengakses dua link ke situs lain. Namun, bila terjadi failure site di situs pusat maka setiap situs tidak akan dapat mengakses situs lainnya sehingga availibilitas/ketersediaan pada topologi jenis star network rendah.
Ring network. Biaya komunikasi tinggi karena jika ingin mengakses sebuah situs bisa jadi harus menempuh banyak link. Misalnya, dari situs A menuju situs D, link yang dilewati sebanyak tiga buah. Availibilitas/ketersediaan pada topologi ring network lebih terjamin dibandingkan pada star network maupun pada tree-structured network.
Selain topologi jaringan, ada beberapa hal lain yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam mendesain jaringan:
Naming and name resolution. Bagaimana dua buah proses menempatkan/memposisikan satu sama lain dalam jaringan komunikasi.
Routing strategies. Bagaimana pesan dikirimkan melalui jaringan.
Packet strategies. Apakah paket dikirimkan secara individual atau sekuensial.
Connection strategies. Bagaimana dua proses mengirimkan pesan secara sekuensial.
Contention. Bagaimana memecahkan masalah permintaan yang mengalami konflik.
Perlu diketahui, bahwa dalam sistem terdistribusi terdapat berbagai macam kegagalan perangkat keras (hardware failure) seperti kegagalan link atau failure link, kegagalan situs atau failure site, dan kehilangan pesan atau loss of message.Oleh karena itu, untuk menjamin kekuatan sistem atau disebut juga robustness maka sistem terdistribusi harus mampu melakukan pendeteksian kegagalan, mereparasi sistem, dan mengkonfigurasinya kembali.
Biaya instalasi. Biaya menghubungkan situs-situs dalam sistem.
Biaya komunikasi. Besar waktu dan uang untuk mengirimkan pesan dari satu situs ke situs lainnya.
Ketersediaan/availabilitas. Sampai sejauh mana data dapat diakses walaupun terdapat kegagalan pada beberapa link atau situs.
Macam-macam topologi jaringan antara lain:
Fully Connected Network
Tiap situs dalam Fully Connected Network terkoneksi secara langsung dengan situs lainnya. Link yang ada menjadi banyak dan menyebabkan biaya instalasi besar. Topologi jenis ini tidak praktis untuk diterapkan dalam sistem yang besar.
Partially Connected Network
Link yang ada hanya antara beberapa situs sehingga biaya instalasi menjadi lebih rendah. Namun, biaya komunikasi bisa menjadi lebih mahal. Misalkan, situs A ingin mengakses data di situs E, maka jalan yang ditempuh menuju situs E harus melalui situs B terlebih dahulu karena tidak ada link langsung dari situs A ke situs E. Semakin jauh jalan yang ditempuh, biaya komunikasi semakin mahal. Selain itu, availibilitas atau ketersediaan data kurang baik dibandingkan dengan Fully Connected Network.Misalkan, jika terjadi failure site atau kegagalan situs di C maka akses ke situs F menjadi tidak ada.
Partially Connected Network terdiri dari:
Tree-structured network. Biaya instalasi dan komunikasi pada topologi jenis ini biasanya rendah. Namun, jika terjadi failure link atau failure site maka pengaksesan data menjadi terhambat dan mengakibatkan availibilitas/ketersediaan menjadi rendah.
Star network. Biaya komunikasi rendah karena setiap situs paling banyak mengakses dua link ke situs lain. Namun, bila terjadi failure site di situs pusat maka setiap situs tidak akan dapat mengakses situs lainnya sehingga availibilitas/ketersediaan pada topologi jenis star network rendah.
Ring network. Biaya komunikasi tinggi karena jika ingin mengakses sebuah situs bisa jadi harus menempuh banyak link. Misalnya, dari situs A menuju situs D, link yang dilewati sebanyak tiga buah. Availibilitas/ketersediaan pada topologi ring network lebih terjamin dibandingkan pada star network maupun pada tree-structured network.
Selain topologi jaringan, ada beberapa hal lain yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam mendesain jaringan:
Naming and name resolution. Bagaimana dua buah proses menempatkan/memposisikan satu sama lain dalam jaringan komunikasi.
Routing strategies. Bagaimana pesan dikirimkan melalui jaringan.
Packet strategies. Apakah paket dikirimkan secara individual atau sekuensial.
Connection strategies. Bagaimana dua proses mengirimkan pesan secara sekuensial.
Contention. Bagaimana memecahkan masalah permintaan yang mengalami konflik.
Perlu diketahui, bahwa dalam sistem terdistribusi terdapat berbagai macam kegagalan perangkat keras (hardware failure) seperti kegagalan link atau failure link, kegagalan situs atau failure site, dan kehilangan pesan atau loss of message.Oleh karena itu, untuk menjamin kekuatan sistem atau disebut juga robustness maka sistem terdistribusi harus mampu melakukan pendeteksian kegagalan, mereparasi sistem, dan mengkonfigurasinya kembali.
09 August 2007
Jaringan Komputer di Indonesia dan Perangkatnya
Surat kabar, buku, radio dan telelvisi sudah merupakan bagian kehidupan sehari-hari bagi sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia. Dengan bertambah canggihnya teknolgi mikroelektronika, Fax dan komputer akan mengambil porsi yang cukup besar dalam dunia informasi di Indonesia. Lima tahun yang lalu, nomor telepon di perkantoran yang khusus digunakan untuk fax masih sangat langka.
Saat ini, nomor telepon Fax sudah merupakanhal yang lazim digunakan di perkantoran. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa informasi memegang peranan dalam beberapa bidang penting seperti bidang usaha, industri dan pendidikan. Kelancaran proses aliih informasi dan pengolahan data akan sangat membanu berkembangnya dunia usaha, industri dan pendidikan untuk banyak hal, proses alih informaaasi dan pengolahan data akan lebih cepat jika berlangsung antar komputer dibandingkan dengan fax. Bukan tidak mungkin, saluran khusus untuk komunikasi antar komputer (lebih dikenal sebagai jaringan komputer) merupakan hal yang lazim di masa mendatang.
Untuk memungkinkan komunikasi antar komputer, prasarana jaringan komputer yang meliputi wilayah luas perlu dikembangkan. Beberapa alternatif telah dicoba dikembangkan, seperti SKDP (PT Telkom) dan tak lama lagi di beberapa daerah kecil akan beroperasi sistem ISDN (juga dikelola oleh PT Telkom). Alternatif lain yang cukup menarik untuk dikaji adalah jaringan komputer paket radio yang saat ini digunakan oleh tidak kurang dari 2400 orang di seluruh Indonesia, dengan komposisi pengguna : 69% pengguna di perguruan tinngi, 18% pengguna di lembaga pemerintah, 4% pengguna di lembaga pemerintahan, 4% pengguna di lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM), dan 5% pengguna berada di industri/badan kooomersial.
Teknologi yang digunakan pada jaringan komputer, merupakan perkembangan teknologi SKDP (PT Telkom). Protokol AX.25 digunakan pada link layer, yang merupakan perkembangan protokol X.25 (SKDP). Diatas protokol AX.25 digunakan protokol/InterNet Protokol) yang memungkinkan integrasi berbagai jenis komputer ke dalam jaringan. Adapun aplikasi utama yang dijalankan dalam jaringan komputer ini adalah :
Surat elektronnik.
Diskusi / konferensi secara elektronik.
Pengiriman berkas / file secara elektronik
Akses pada distributed database.
Fasilitas talnet untuk kerja pada komputer yang berjauhan. Satu hal yang membedakan aplikasi jaringan komputer dengan teknologi lainnya adalah tidak adanya batasan dimensi ruang & waktu. Sebagai contoh, diskusi / seminar / konferensi secara elektronikdapat berlangsung kapan saja, di mana saja bahkan tidak terikat pada batas-batas negara. Globalisasi sangat terasa dengan adanya jaringan komputer.
Pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas secara garis besar beberapa alternatif perangkat keras yang dapat digunakan di PaguyubaNet. Usaha-usaha yang tengah kami lakukan untuk membuat prototipe sederhana perangkat ini akan dilaporkan. Prototipe perangkat keras yang akan dikembangkan sangat sederhana sehingga mudah diadopsi oleh industri elektronika di Indonesia dan bahkan sebetulnya para hobby elektronnika dapat merakit sendiri dengan mudah. Akhirnya, pemikiran tentang standarisasi arsitektur jaringan akan diketengahkan.
Tabel 2 Tiga alternatif konfigurasi perangkat keras untuk mengkaitkan komputer mikro ke jaringan komputer wilayah luas menggunakan radio
komputer mikro
terminal node controller
radio
komputer mikro
medan kecepatan tinggi
radio
komputer mikro I/O card
modem kecepatan tinggi
radio
Alternatif perangkat keras untuk bergabung dalam PaguyubaNet secara umum dapat dibagi dalam tiga pilihan seperti tampak pada Tabel 2. Perbedaan utama alternatif satu dangan yang lain adalah pada perangkat keras perantara komputer mikro dengan radio. Tiap alternatif mempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing.
Pilihan pertama adalah konfigurasi yang umum digunakan oleh stasiun PaguyubaNet di Indonesia. Alternatif ini terdiri atas kombinasi komputer mikro-Terminal Node Controller ( TNC)-radio. Perangkat TNC yang digunakan umumnya dibeli dari luar negeri. Prosesor mikro dalam TNC menjalankan program yang mengatur tata cara komunikasi antar dua komputer dalam jaringan. Tata cara ini dikenal dengan sebutan AX.25. Selain prosesor mikro dalam TNC, terdapat rangkaian modem untuk memungkinkan pengiriman data menggunakan radio. TNC sudah dapat kita buat sendiri di ITB dengan biaya setengah dari harga jual TNC buatan luar negeri.
Penggunaan konfigurasi 1 memungkinkan pengkaitan bermacam-macam jenis komputer mikro dalam jaringan PaguyibaNet melalui perangkat TNC. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan dikenal sebagai Network Operating System (NOS) yang memungkinkan menjalankan TCP/IP sehingga bisa mengkaitkan network menggunakan radio dengan sistem jaringan lainnya. Perangkat NOS dapat diperoleh secara cuma-cuma dari kami di Computer Network Research Group, IUC Micro-electronics ITB.
Saat ini, jenis komppputer mikro yang umum digunakan di Indonesia adalah PC kompatibel. Melihat keseragaman jenis komputer mikro, maka rpogram AX.25 yang dijalankan dalam TNC sebetulnya dapat kita pindahkan ke komputer mikro. Cukup dengan menambahkan "medem berkecepatan rendah" (1200 bit per detik), komputer mikro dapat disambungkan ke PaguyubaNet seperti tampak pada alternatif 2. Modem kecepatan rendah ini sangat sederhana dan mudah dirakit oleh industri kecil elektronika bahkan oleh para hobby elektronika. Rangkaian untuk modem sederhana 1200bps sudah cukup luas dipublikasikan di Indonesia, seperti majalah InfoKomputer dan majalah Elektron. Beberapa industri kecil sudah mulai memproduksi modem ini dengan harga jual sekitar Rp 150.000/modem. Saat ini, modem 1200bps sederhana ini yang menjadi tulang punggung perkembangaan jaringan di Indonesia.
Alternatif terakhir (3) adalah konfigurasu stasiun paket radio untuk operasi kecepatan tinggi. Kecepatan modem yang tengah dijajaki adalah 56Kbps minimum (sekitar lima puluh kali lipat kecepatan yang digunakan pada alternatif 1 dan 2). Alternatif ini diperlukan untuk menyambung berbagai jaringan komputer lokal di gedung-gedung yang umumnya berkecepatan tinggi (sekitar 10Mbps). Juga sebagai tulang punggung saluran komunikasi data kecepatan tinggi antar kota. Pembuatan prototipe alternatif 3 tengah dijajaki oleh beberapa staff peneliti di jurusan Teknik Elektro ITB dengan mengadopsi teknologi di PaguyubaNet. Prototipe perangkat yang perlu dikembangkan adalah, card komunikasi khusus pada mikro komputer untuk bekerja pada kecepatan tinggi; Modem kecepatan tinggi; dan perangkat radio khusus yang mampu bekerja pada kecepatan tinggi. Proses perancangan dan perangkat-perangkat ini relatif cukup rumit dibandingkan dengan alternatif-alternatif sebelumnya. Walaupun demikian, kami yakin industri elektronika yang cukup besar seperti PT INTI, PT LEN Industri, PT Elektrindo Nusantara dan PT Elnisa mampu melakukan hal-hal ini dengan baik.
Tata cara komunikasi merupakan faktor penting pada pengkaitan jaringan komputer lokal digedung-gedung menggunakan alternatif 3. Pemilihan tata cara komunikasi dilakukan dengan memperhitungkan kompatibilitas dengan cara komnukasi yang umum digunakan. Saat ini, tata cara komunikasi TCP/IP merupakan standar yang digunakan di jaringan-jaringan komputer lokal di gedung-gedung. TCP/IP mulai dikembangkan sekitar sepuluh tahun lalu atas biaya angkatan bersenjata Amerika Serikat. TCP/IP mengatur pengkaitan berbagai komputer dalam jaringan yang terkait wilayah luas tanpa tergantung pada jenis saluran fisik yang digunakan. Keandalan jaringan diawasi secara seksama selama prosees komunikasi berlangsung. Berbagai penggunaan seperti pengiriman surat elektronis dan file antar komputer dapat dilakukan dengan mudah menggunakan TCP/IP. Jelas bahwa proses pengembangan jaringan komputer wilayah luas akan sangat dipermudah dengan mengadopsi tata cara komunikasi standar seperti TCP/IP.
TCP/IP saat ini tengah giat dipelajari dan dikembangkan antara lain di Computer Network Research Group, PAU Mikroelektronika ITB. Keterangan cukup lengkap, berupa buku dan file di disket komputer, source code perangkat TCP/IP dapat diperoleh secara non-komersial dari lembaga di atas. Perangkat lunak beserta source code (file program) TCP/IP untuk komputer mikro dapat diperoleh secara non-komersial untuk penggunaan di dunia pendidikan dan amatir radio. Pengambangan perangkat lunak ini tengah dilakukan di lembaga di atas untuk membuka kemungkinan pengkaitan jaringan komputer lokal di berbagai gedung perkantoran menggunakan radio.
Kami berharap tulisan ini dapat memberikan gambaran tentang perkembangan jaringan komputer di Indonesia maupun prospek bisnis khususnya dalam dunia elektronika.
Oleh : Onno W. Purbo, Ph. D Computer Network Research Group Inter University Center on Microelektronics Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung 40132
E-mail : ycldav@itbtw.itb.ac.id
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